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BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric juice with documented angiogenic and tendon-repair activity in rodent models.

الآلية

Upregulates VEGFR-2 and nitric oxide synthase, accelerating angiogenesis in injured tissue.

نصف العمر

~4 h SC

جرعة بحثية

250–500 µg, 1–2× daily

التسلسل

15 aa

BPC-157, originally isolated from gastric juice (Sikiric et al., 1991), shows reproducible tendon-repair acceleration in rat Achilles models at 10 µg/kg.

IGF-1 LR3 is a 83-residue insulin-like growth factor analogue with an N-terminal Arg substitution that extends serum half-life roughly 12-fold versus native IGF-1.

الآلية

Binds IGF-1R with reduced IGFBP affinity, prolonging activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.

نصف العمر

~20 h serum

جرعة بحثية

40–80 µg/day

التسلسل

83 aa

IGF-1 LR3 binds IGFBPs ~5× less avidly than wild-type IGF-1, leaving a higher free fraction and a measured half-life near 20 hours in human serum.

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a triple-agonist peptide co-activating GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, the first triagonist to advance into Phase 3 obesity trials.

الآلية

Triple agonism of GLP-1R/GIPR/GCGR drives appetite suppression, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure simultaneously.

نصف العمر

~6 days (weekly)

جرعة بحثية

0.25–12 mg weekly

التسلسل

39 aa

Retatrutide produced 24.2% mean placebo-adjusted weight loss at 48 weeks in the Phase 2 trial (Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2023), the largest observed for any incretin to date.

Ipamorelin is a selective ghrelin/GHS-R1a agonist pentapeptide that stimulates pulsatile growth-hormone release without elevating cortisol or prolactin.

الآلية

Selective GHS-R1a agonism without ACTH/cortisol crosstalk, unlike older secretagogues such as GHRP-6.

نصف العمر

~2 h serum

جرعة بحثية

200–300 µg, 2–3× daily

التسلسل

5 aa

Ipamorelin demonstrates the cleanest selectivity profile among ghrelin mimetics, with no measurable effect on prolactin or cortisol at GH-active doses.

Melanotan II (MT-2) is a synthetic alpha-MSH analogue activating MC1R/MC3R/MC4R/MC5R; the MC1R activation drives the melanogenesis pigmentation effect studied in dermatology models.

الآلية

Pan-melanocortin agonism with the strongest documented affinity at MC1R driving eumelanin synthesis.

نصف العمر

~30 h SC

جرعة بحثية

0.25–1 mg subcutaneous

التسلسل

7 aa (cyclic)

MT-2 retains nanomolar affinity at MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R, producing pigmentation, appetite suppression and pro-erectile responses in concert.

GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide-1) is a glycyl-histidyl-lysine sequence chelated to Cu²⁺, with documented gene-modulating activity across 4 192 human genes (Pickart 2008).

الآلية

Modulates 4192 of 23987 measured human genes (Pickart microarray, 2008) toward a wound-healing transcriptomic profile.

نصف العمر

Topical / local

جرعة بحثية

Topical 0.05–2% formulations

التسلسل

3 aa + Cu²⁺

GHK-Cu shifted the expression of 4 192 human genes by ≥50% in a 2008 microarray study by Pickart, the broadest known transcriptomic effect of a tripeptide.

TB-500 is a synthetic 17-amino-acid fragment (residues 17–23 of native Thymosin Beta-4), representing the actin-binding region responsible for cell migration during repair.

الآلية

Actin-monomer sequestration via the LKKTET motif, mobilising stem-cell migration to injury sites.

نصف العمر

~2.5 h IV

جرعة بحثية

2–5 mg twice weekly

التسلسل

17 aa

TB-500 contains the LKKTET actin-binding motif (residues 17–23 of Thymosin Beta-4) that drives stem-cell migration to injury sites in vivo.

Tesamorelin is a 44-amino-acid trans-3-hexenoyl-modified GHRH analogue, the only GHRH analogue with FDA approval (HIV-associated lipodystrophy, 2010).

الآلية

Selective GHRH-R agonism producing pulsatile somatotropin release without GHRP-style ghrelin-axis crosstalk.

نصف العمر

~38 min serum

جرعة بحثية

1–2 mg subcutaneous daily

التسلسل

44 aa

Tesamorelin reduces visceral adipose tissue by 18% at 26 weeks in HIV-lipodystrophy patients (Falutz NEJM 2007), the only GHRH analogue cleared by the FDA.

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in the 12S rRNA region, regulating insulin sensitivity via AMPK activation.

الآلية

Activates AMPK and folate-cycle genes, mimicking the metabolic effects of caloric restriction.

نصف العمر

~30 min serum

جرعة بحثية

5–10 mg subcutaneous

التسلسل

16 aa

MOTS-c is encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene (Lee et al., Cell Metabolism 2015) and signals from mitochondria to the nucleus to regulate insulin sensitivity.

Semax is a 7-amino-acid synthetic ACTH(4-7) analogue developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences, used in BDNF-modulation and stroke-recovery research.

الآلية

Increases hippocampal BDNF expression and modulates the HPA axis without ACTH steroidogenic activity.

نصف العمر

~30 min serum

جرعة بحثية

300–600 µg intranasal daily

التسلسل

7 aa

Semax is included on the Russian Vital and Essential Drugs list and is studied for stroke recovery and ADHD; it elevates hippocampal BDNF by ~1.5× in murine models.